Crohn’s Disease - References

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Crohn’s Disease
A full feeling in your stomach, accompanied by abdominal pain and regular bouts of diarrhea, may be signs of Crohn’s disease. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful.
  • Fill up on fiber

    Improve stool quality and other symptoms by eating high-fiber fruits and vegetables and by taking fiber supplements such as psyllium or glucomannan

  • Fight back with fish

    Prevent relapses by frequently eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, mackerel, or sardines

  • Take a daily multivitamin

    Choose a comprehensive formula containing zinc, folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin D to prevent deficiencies caused by poor absorption

  • Discover beneficial bacteria

    Take 250 mg of Saccharomyces boulardii three times a day to help control diarrhea

Also indexed as:
  • abdominal disorder,
  • abdominal problems,
  • Crohns,
  • Crohns disease,
  • Crohn's disease,
  • dietary supplements,
  • digestion problems,
  • digestive problems,
  • gastrointestinal disorder,
  • gastrointestinal problems,
  • GI problems,
  • regional enteritis,
  • stomach problems,
  • supplements
Alternative Treatments

About this treatment

1. Mayberry JF, Rhodes J. Epidemiological aspects of Crohn’s disease: a review of the literature. Gut 1984;886–99.

2. Heaton KW, Thornton JR, Emmett PM. Treatment of Crohn’s disease with an unrefined-carbohydrate, fibre-rich diet. BMJ 1979;2(6193):764–6.

3. Brandes JW, Lorenz-Meyer H. Sugar free diet: a new perspective in the treatment of Crohn disease? Randomized, control study. Z Gastroneterol 1981;19:1–12.

4. Shoda R, Masueda K, Yamato S, Umeda N. Epidemiologic analysis of Crohn’s disease in Japan: increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and animal protein relates to the increased incidence of Crohn’s disease in Japan. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:741–5.

5. O’Morain C, Segal AW, Levi AJ. Elemental diet as primary treatment of acute Crohn’s disease: a controlled trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;288:1859–62.

6. Gorard DA, Hunt JB, Payne-James JJ, et al. Initial response and subsequent course of Crohn’s disease treated with elemental diet or prednisolone. Gut 1993;34:1198–202.

7. Teahon K, Pearson M, Levi AJ, Bjarnason I. Practical aspects of enteral nutrition in the management of Crohn’s disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995;19:365–8.

8. Raouf AH, Hildrey V, Daniel J, et al. Enteral feeding as sole treatment for Crohn’s disease: controlled trial of whole protein v amino acid based feed and a case study of dietary challenge. Gut 1991;32:702–7.

9. Rigaud D, Cosnes J, Le Quintrec Y, et al. Controlled trial comparing two types of enteral nutrition in treatment of active Crohn’s disease: elemental versus polymeric diet. Gut 1991;32:1492–7.

10. Park RH, Galloway A, Danesh BJ, et al. Double-blind controlled trial comparing elemental and polymeric diets as primary therapy in active Crohn’s disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991;32:1492–7.

11. Riordan AM, Hunter JO, Cowan RE, et al. Treatment of active Crohn’s disease by exclusion diet: East Anglian Multicentre Controlled Trial. Lancet 1993;342:1131–4.

12. Alic M. Baker’s yeast in Crohn’s disease—can it kill you? Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1711 [letter/review].

13. Wantke F, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Dietary treatment of Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1994;343:113 [letter].

14. McDonald PJ, Fazio VW. What can Crohn’s patients eat? Eur J Clin Nutr 1988;42:703–8.

15. Gaby AR. Commentary. Nutr Healing 1998;January:1,10–1 [review].

16. Persson PG, Ahlbom A, Hellers G. Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology 1992;3:47–52.

17. Leichtmann GA, Bengoa JM, Bolt MJG, Sitrin MD. Intestinal absorption of cholecalciferol and 25-hydrocycholecalciferol in patients with both Crohn’s disease and intestinal resection. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:548–52.

18. Harris AD, Brown R, Heatley RV, et al. Vitamin D status in Crohn’s disease: association with nutrition and disease activity. Gut 1985;26:1197–203.

19. Driscoll RH, Meredith SC, Sitrin M, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol 1982;83:1252–8.

20. Vogelsang H, Ferenci P, Resch H, et al. Prevention of bone mineral loss in patients with Crohn’s disease by long-term oral vitamin D supplementation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:609–14.

21. Andus T, Klebl F, Rogler G, et al. Patients with refractory Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis respond to dehydroepiandrosterone: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:409–14.

22. Mate J, Castanos R, Garcia-Samaniego J, Pajares JM. Does dietary fish oil maintain the remission of Crohn’s disease: a case control study. Gastroenterology 1991;100:A228 [abstract].

23. Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1557–60.

24. Imes S, Plinchbeck BR, Dinwoodie A, et al. Iron, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and copper status in out-patients with Crohn’s disease: effect of diet counseling. J Am Dietet Assoc 1987;87:928–30.

25. Sandstead HH. Zinc deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Nutr Rev 1982;40:109–12.

26. Driscoll RH Jr, Meredith SC, Sitrin M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1982;83:1252–8.

27. Plein K, Hotz J. Therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of Crohn’s disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea—a pilot study. Z Gastroenterol 1993;31:129–34.

28. Bleichner G, Blehaut H, Mentec H, Moyse D. Saccharomyces boulardii prevents diarrhea in critically ill tube-fed patients. A muticenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:517–23.

29. Duggan P, O'Brien M, Kiely M, et al. Vitamin K status in patients with Crohn's disease and relationship to bone turnover. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2178–85.

30. Imes S, Plinchbeck BR, Dinwoodie A, et al. Iron, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and copper status in out-patients with Crohn’s disease: effect of diet counseling. J Am Dietet Assoc 1987;87:928–30.

31. Sandstead HH. Zinc deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Nutr Rev 1982;40:109–12.

32. Driscoll RH Jr, Meredith SC, Sitrin M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1982;83:1252–8.

33. Plein K, Burkard G, Hotz J. Treatment of chronic diarrhea in Crohn disease. A pilot study of the clinical effect of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate. Fortschr Med 1993;111:114–8 [in German].

34. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999, 1335–49.

35. Plein K, Burkard G, Hotz J. Treatment of chronic diarrhea in Crohn disease. A pilot study of the clinical effect of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate. Fortschr Med 1993;111:114–8 [in German].

36. Hegnhoj J, Hansen CP, Rannem T, et al. Pancreatic function in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1990;31:1076–9.

37. Imes S, Plinchbeck BR, Dinwoodie A, et al. Iron, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and copper status in out-patients with Crohn’s disease: effect of diet counseling. J Am Dietet Assoc 1987;87:928–30.

38. Sandstead HH. Zinc deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Nutr Rev 1982;40:109–12.

39. Driscoll RH Jr, Meredith SC, Sitrin M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1982;83:1252–8.

40. Plein K, Burkard G, Hotz J. Treatment of chronic diarrhea in Crohn disease. A pilot study of the clinical effect of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate. Fortschr Med 1993;111:114–8 [in German].

41. Hegnhoj J, Hansen CP, Rannem T, et al. Pancreatic function in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1990;31:1076–9.

42. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999, 1335–49.

43. Plein K, Burkard G, Hotz J. Treatment of chronic diarrhea in Crohn disease. A pilot study of the clinical effect of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate. Fortschr Med 1993;111:114–8 [in German].

44. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999, 1335–49.

45. Holt PR, Katz S, Kirshoff R. Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:2191–3.

46. Dvorak AM. Vitamin A in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1980;i:1303–4.

47. Skogh M, Sundquist T, Tagesson C. Vitamin A in Crohn’s disease. Lancet 1980; i:766 [letter].

48. Dvorak AM. Vitamin A in Crohn’s Disease. Lancet 1980;i:1303–4 [letter].

49. Wright JP, Mee AS, Parfitt A, et al. Vitamin A therapy inpatients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1985;88:512–4.

50. Imes S, Plinchbeck BR, Dinwoodie A, et al. Iron, folate, vitamin B-12, zinc, and copper status in out-patients with Crohn’s disease: effect of diet counseling. J Am Dietet Assoc 1987;87:928–30.

51. Sandstead HH. Zinc deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Nutr Rev 1982;40:109–12.

52. Driscoll RH Jr, Meredith SC, Sitrin M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and bone disease in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 1982;83:1252–8.

53. Plein K, Burkard G, Hotz J. Treatment of chronic diarrhea in Crohn disease. A pilot study of the clinical effect of tannin albuminate and ethacridine lactate. Fortschr Med 1993;111:114–8 [in German].

Last Review: 05-11-2011

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The information presented in Aisle7 is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Self-treatment is not recommended for life-threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor's care. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires June 2011.

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