Migraine Headache - References

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Migraine Headache
Clear your mind of migraines. According to research or other evidence, the following self-care steps may be helpful.
  • Find your migraine triggers

    A specialist can help you learn if your diet, environment, or lifestyle helps trigger your migraines

  • Try magnesium

    Taking 200 mg of this mineral in a well-absorbed supplement two or three times a day may help you have fewer migraines

  • Check out feverfew

    Take a standardized herbal extract providing 250 mcg of parthenolide a day to help reduce the frequency, severity, and length of migraine attacks

  • Consider seeing a chiropractor

    A qualified practitioner may be able to correct spinal problems that may cause some migraines

Also indexed as:
  • migraine,
  • migraine headache,
  • migraine headaches,
  • migraines
Alternative Treatments

About this treatment

1. Baischer W. Acupuncture in migraine: long-term outcome and predicting factors. Headache 1995;35:472–4.

2. Boivie J, Brattberg G. Are there long lasting effects on migraine headache after one series of acupuncture treatments? Am J Chin Med 1987;15:69–75.

3. Loh L, Nathan PW, Schott GD, Zilkha KJ. Acupuncture versus medical treatment for migraine and muscle tension headaches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:333–7.

4. Spoerel WE, Varkey M, Leung CY. Acupuncture in chronic pain. Am J Chin Med 1976;4:267–79.

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7. Vincent CA. A controlled trial of the treatment of migraine by acupuncture. Clin J Pain 1989;5:305–12.

8. Baischer W. Acupuncture in migraine: long-term outcome and predicting factors. Headache 1995;35:472–4.

9. Cheng AC. The treatment of headaches employing acupuncture. Am J Chin Med 1975;3:181–5.

10. Shuyuan G, Donglan Z, Yanguang X. A comparative study on the treatment of migraine headache with combined distant and local acupuncture points versus conventional drug therapy. Am J Acupuncture 1999;27:27–30.

11. Hesse J, Mogelvang B, Simonsen H. Acupuncture versus metoprolol in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial of trigger point inactivation. J Intern Med 1994;235:451–6.

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13. Tuchin PJ. A case series of migraine changes following a manipulative therapy trial. Australasian Chiropractic and Osteopathy 1997;6(3):85–91.

14. Vernon H, Steiman I, Hagino C. Cervicogenic dysfunction in muscle contraction headache and migraine: a descriptive study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15:418–29.

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16. Wight JS. Migraine: a statistical analysis of chiropractic treatment. ACA J Chiropractic 1978;12S:63–7.

17. Stodolny J, Chmielewski H. Manual therapy in the treatment of patients with cervical migraine. Man Med 1989;4:49–51.

18. Tuchin PJ. A twelve month clinical trial of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy for migraine. ACO 1999;8(2):61–5.

19. Parker GB, Tupling H. Pryor D. A controlled trial of manipulation for migraine. Aust NZ J Med 1978;8:589–93.

20. Parker GB, Tupling H, Pryor D. Why does migraine improve during a clinical trial? Further results from a trial of cervical manipulation for migraine. Aust NZ J Med 1980;10:192–8.

21. Tuchin P, Pollard H, Bonello R. A randomized controlled trial of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy for migraine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:91–5.

22. Nelson CF, Bronfort G, Evans R, et al. The efficacy of spinal manipulation, amitripyline and the combination of both therapies for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;21:511–8.

23. Wilkinson CF Jr. Recurrent migrainoid headaches associated with spontaneous hypoglycemia. Am J Med Sci 1949;218:209–12.

24. Dexter JD, Roberts J, Byer JA. The five hour glucose tolerance test and effect of low sucrose diet in migraine. Headache 1978;18:91–4.

25. Grant EC. Food allergies and migraine. Lancet 1979;i:966–9.

26. Monro J, Brostoff J, Carini C, Zilkha K. Food allergy in migraine. Lancet 1980;ii:1–4.

27. Egger J, Carter CM, Wilson J, et al. Is migraine food allergy? A double-blind controlled trial of oligoantigenic diet treatment. Lancet 1983;ii:865–9.

28. Hughs EC, Gott PS, Weinstein RC, Binggeli R. Migraine: a diagnostic test for etiology of food sensitivity by a nutritionally supported fast and confirmed by long-term report. Ann Allergy 1985;55:28–32.

29. Egger J, Carter CM, Soothill JF, Wilson J. Oligoantigenic diet treatment of children with epilepsy and migraine. J Pediatr 1989;114:51–8.

30. Brainard JB. Angiotensin and aldosterone elevation in salt-induced migraine. Headache 1981;21:222–6.

31. Ratner D, Shoshani E, Dubnov B. Milk protein-free diet for nonseasonal asthma and migraine in lactase-deficient patients. Isr J Med Sci 1983;19:806–9.

32. Hanington E. Preliminary report on tyramine headache. Br Med J 1967;2:550–1.

33. Smith I, Kellow AH, Hanington E. A clinical and biochemical correlation between tyramine and migraine headache. Headache 1970;10:43–51.

34. Perkine JE, Hartje J. Diet and migraine: a review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc 1983;83:459–63.

35. Koehler SM, Glaros A. The effect of aspartame on migraine headache. Headache 1988;28:10–3.

36. Lipton RB, Newman LC, Solomon S. Aspartame and headache. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1200–1.

37. Diener HC, Rahlfs VW. Danesch U. The first placebo-controlled trial of a special butterbur extract for the prevention of migraine: reanalysis of efficacy criteria. Eur Neurol2004;51:89–97.

38. Grossmann M, Schmidramsl H. An extract of Petasites hybridus is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther2000;38:430–5.

39. Pothmann R, Danesch U. Migraine prevention in children and adolescents: results of an open study with a special butterbur root extract. Headache2005;45:196–203.

40. Lipton RB, Gobel H, Einhaupl KM, et al. Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine. Neurology 2004;63:2240–4.

41. Volger BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Feverfew as a preventive treatment for migraine: a systematic review. Cephalagia 1998;18:704–8.

42. Murphy JJ, Hepinstall S, Mitchell JR. Randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet 1988;2:189–92.

43. Johnson ES, Kadam NP, Hylands DM, Hylands PJ. Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291:569–73.

44. Palevitch D, Earon G, Carasso R. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res 1997;11:508–11.

45. Diener HC, Pfaffenrath V, Schnitker J, et al. Efficacy and safety of 6.25 mg t.i.d. feverfew CO2-extract (MIG-99) in migraine prevention - a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia2005;25:1031–41.

46. De Weerdt CJ, Bootsma HPR, Hendriks H. Herbal medicines in migraine prevention. Phytomed icine 1996;3:225–30.

47. Awang DVC. Parthenolide: The demise of a facile theory of feverfew activity. J Herbs Spices Medicinal Plants 1998;5:95–8.

48. Gallai V, Sarchielli P, Coata G, et al. Serum and salivary magnesium levels in migraine. Results in a group of juvenile patients. Headache 1992;32:132–5.

49. Baker B. New research approach helps clarify magnesium/migraine link. Family Pract News 1993;Aug 15:16.

50. Barbiroli B, Lodi R, Cortelli P, et al. Low brain free magnesium in migraine and cluster headache: an interictal study by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy on 86 patients. Cephalalgia 1997;17:254.

51. Mazzotta G, Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Gallai V. Intracellular Mg++ concentration and electromyographical ischemic test in juvenile headache. Cephalalgia 1999;19:802–9.

52. Weaver K. Magnesium and migraine. Headache 1990;30:168 [letter].

53. Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Kohne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 1996;16:257–63.

54. Facchinetti F, Sances G, Borella P, et al. Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium. Headache 1991;31:298–301.

55. Pfaffenrath V, Wessely P, Meyer C, et al. Magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine—a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1996;16:436–40.

56. Mauskop A, Altura BT, Cracco RQ, Altura BM. Intravenous magnesium sulphate relieves migraine attacks in patients with low serum ionized magnesium levels: a pilot study. Clin Sci 1995;89:633–6.

57. Schoenen J, Lenaerts M, Bastings E. High-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic treatment of migraine: results of an open pilot study. Cephalalgia 1994;14:328–9.

58. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1998;50:466–70.

59. Schoenen J, Jacquy, Lenaerts M. High-dose riboflavin as a novel prophylactic antimigraine therapy: results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cephalalgia 1997;17:244 [abstract].

60. Maizels M, Blumenfeld A, Burchette R. A combination of riboflavin, magnesium, and feverfew for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial. Headache2004;44:885–90.

61. MacLennan SC, Wade FM, Forrest KML, et al. High-dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol 2008;23:1300–4.

62. Kimball RW, Friedman AP, Vallejo E. Effect of serotonin in migraine patients. Neurology 1960;10:107–11.

63. Sicuteri F. The ingestion of serotonin precursors (L-5-hydroxytryptophan and L-tryptophan) improves migraine headache. Headache 1973;13:19–22.

64. Titus F, Davalos A, Alom J, Codina A. 5-hydroxytryptophan versus methysergide in the prophylaxis of migraine. Eur Neurol 1986;25:327–9.

65. Maissen CP, Ludin HP. Comparison of the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and propranolol in the interval treatment of migraine . Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift /Journal Suisse de Medecine 1991;121:1585–90 [in German].

66. De Benedittis G, Massei R. 5-HT precursors in migraine prophylaxis: A double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo. Clin J Pain 1986;3:123–9.

67. Mathew NT. 5-hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1978;18:111–3.

68. Bono G, Criscuoli M, Martignoni E, et al. Serotonin precursors in migraine prophylaxis. Advances in Neurology 1982;33:357–63.

69. De Giorgis G, Miletto R, Iannuccelli M, et al. Headache in association with sleep disorders in children: A psychodiagnostic evaluation and controlled clinical study ñ L-5-HTP versus placebo. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 1987;13:425–33.

70. Santucci M, Cortelli P, Rossi PG, et al. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in childhood migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind crossover study. Cephalalgia 1986;6:155–7.

71. Magis D, Ambrosini A, Sandor P, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thioctic acid in migraine prophylaxis. Headache 2007;47:52–7.

72. Diener HC, Rahlfs VW. Danesch U. The first placebo-controlled trial of a special butterbur extract for the prevention of migraine: reanalysis of efficacy criteria. Eur Neurol2004;51:89–97.

73. Grossmann M, Schmidramsl H. An extract of Petasites hybridus is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther2000;38:430–5.

74. Pothmann R, Danesch U. Migraine prevention in children and adolescents: results of an open study with a special butterbur root extract. Headache2005;45:196–203.

75. Lipton RB, Gobel H, Einhaupl KM, et al. Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine. Neurology 2004;63:2240–4.

76. Hershey AD, Powers SW, Vockell ALB, et al. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency and response to supplementation in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Headache 2007;47:73–80.

77. Rozen TD, Oshinsky ML, Gebeline CA,, et al. Open label trial of coenzyme Q10 as a migraine preventive. Cephalalgia2002;22:137–41.

78. Sandor PS, Di Clemente L, Coppola G, et al. Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology2005;64:713–5.

79. Di Rosa G, Attina S, Spano M, et al. Efficacy of folic acid in children with migraine, hyperhomocysteinemia and MTHFR polymorphisms. Headache 2007;47:1342–4.

80. van der Kuy PHM, Merkus FWHM, Lohman JJHM, ter Berg JWM, Hooymans PM. Hydroxocobalamin, a nitric oxide scavenger, in the prophylaxis of migraine: an open, pilot study. Cephalalgia 2002;22:513–9.

81. Thys-Jacobs S. Vitamin D and calcium in menstrual migraine. Headache 1994;34:544–6.

82. Thys-Jacobs S. Alleviation of migraines with therapeutic vitamin D and calcium. Headache 1994;34:590–2.

83. Levy RL. Intranasal capsaicin for acute abortive treatment of migraine without aura. Headache 1995;35:277 [letter].

84. McCarren T, Hitzemann R, Allen C, et al. Amelioration of severe migraine by fish oil (omega-3) fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;41:874 [abstract].

85. Glueck CJ, McCarren T, Hitzemann R, et al. Amelioration of severe migraine with omega-3 fatty acids: a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;43:710 [abstract].

86. Mustafa T, Srivastava KC. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache. J Ethnopharmacol 1990;29:267–73.

87. Chung KF, McCusker M, Page CP, et al. Effect of a ginkgolide mixture (BN 52063) in antagonising skin and platelet responses to platelet activating factor in man. Lancet 1987;i:248–51.

88. Kimball RW, Friedman AP, Vallejo E. Effect of serotonin in migraine patients. Neurology 1960;10:107-111.

89. Poloni M, Nappi G, Arrigo A, Savoldi F. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level in migrainous patients during spontaneous attacks, during headache-free periods and following treatment with L-tryptophan. Experientia 1974;30:640-1.

90. Kangasniemi P, Falck B, Langvik V-A, Hyyppa MT. Levotryptophan treatment in migraine. Headache 1978;18:161–6.

91. Sicuteri F. The ingestion of serotonin precursors (L-5-hydroxytryptophan and L-tryptophan) improves migraine headache. Headache 1973;13:19–22.

92. Titus F, Davalos A, Alom J, Codina A. 5-hydroxytryptophan versus methysergide in the prophylaxis of migraine. Eur Neurol 1986;25:327–9.

93. Maissen CP, Ludin HP. Comparison of the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and propranolol in the interval treatment of migraine. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift /Journal Suisse de Medecine 1991;121:1585–90 [in German].

94. De Benedittis G, Massei R. 5-HT precursors in migraine prophylaxis: A double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo. Clin J Pain 1986;3:123–9.

95. Mathew NT. 5-hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of migraine. Headache 1978;18:111–3.

96. Bono G, Criscuoli M, Martignoni E, et al. Serotonin precursors in migraine prophylaxis. Advances in Neurology 1982;33:357–63.

97. De Giorgis G, Miletto R, Iannuccelli M, et al. Headache in association with sleep disorders in children: A psychodiagnostic evaluation and controlled clinical study ñ L-5-HTP versus placebo. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 1987;13:425–33.

98. Santucci M, Cortelli P, Rossi PG, et al. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in childhood migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind crossover study. Cephalalgia 1986;6:155–7.

99. Claustrat B, Brun J, Geoffriau M, et al. Nocturnal plasma melatonin profile and melatonin kinetics during infusion in status migrainosus. Cephalalgia 1997;17:511–7 (discussion 487).

100. Nagtegaal JE, Smits MG, Swart AC, et al. Melatonin-responsive headache in delayed sleep phase syndrome: preliminary observations. Headache 1998;38:303–7.

101. Gatto G, Caleri D, Michelacci S, Sicuteri F. Analgesizing effect of a methyl donor (S-adenosylmethionine) in migraine: an open clinical trial. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1986;6:15–7.

102. Thys-Jacobs S. Vitamin D and calcium in menstrual migraine. Headache 1994;34:544–6.

103. Thys-Jacobs S. Alleviation of migraines with therapeutic vitamin D and calcium. Headache 1994;34:590–2.

Last Review: 05-11-2011

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The information presented in Aisle7 is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies (human, animal, or in vitro), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Self-treatment is not recommended for life-threatening conditions that require medical treatment under a doctor's care. For many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires June 2011.

© 1995-2011 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.

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